Section 10 Doses and Risks Associated with Diagnostic Radiology, interventional radiology/cardiology, and nuclear medicine

1. Which of the following is the earliest clinically detectable effect of radiation on the skin?
A. Epilation
B. Pain
C. Ulceration
D. Erythema
E. Depigmentation

2. Which of the following organs in children is most sensitive to the induction of both benign and malignant tumors by x-rays?
A. Bone marrow
B. Breast
C. Thyroid
D. Lung

3. A therapeutic dose of I-131 to a patient with Graves disease who is 4 weeks pregnant will have which of the following affects?
A. Not result in hypothyroidism in the fetus.
B. Cause intrauterine demise with 90% probability.
C. Result in a 5% risk of leukemia in the mother.
D. Result in a 10% risk of solid tumors in the mother.

4. Which of the following are considered patient dose-reduction techniques during interventional fluoroscopy? (Select all that apply.)
A. Increased source-to-skin distance
B. Use of last-image hold
C. Variable pulse rate fluoroscopy
D. Increased beam filtration
E. Removal of grid
F. Dose spreading
G. Use of electronic magnification
H. Use of geometric magnification

5. Which of the following  offers minimum protection to the fluoroscopist?
A. Protective lead aprons
B. Thyroid collars
C. Ceiling-mounted lead glass shield
D. Radiation-attenuating surgical gloves

6. Which potential adverse effect is expected to occur following a fluoroscopically guided interventional procedure in which a skin dose of 15 Gy was delivered to a single site?
A. No visible effect
B. Temporary hair loss within 24 hours
C. Dry desquamation
D. Damage to vascular structures

7. Which of the following imaging procedures for a pregnant patient will deliver the highest radiation dose to her 6-week-old fetus?
A. Abdominal ultrasound
B. Chest radiography (posteroanterior and lateral projections)
C. Head CT (with and without contrast material)
D. Kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) radiography (four radiographs)

8. Which of the following work activities is not recommended for a pregnant radiation worker?
A. Nuclear medicine imaging
B. Radioactive iodine treatments
C. Fluoroscopy
D. Portable radiography