RadioGraphics
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1. Subbarao K, Jacobson HG. Primary malignant neoplasms. Semin Roentgenol 1979; 14:44-57.
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Introduction
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
2. Masaryk TJ. Neoplastic disease of the spine. Radiol Clin North Am 1991 29:829-845.
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Introduction
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
3. Munday TL, Johnson MH, Hayes CW, Thompson EO, Smoker WRK. Musculoskeletal causes of spinal axis compromise: beyond the usual suspects. RadioGraphics 1994; 14:1225-1245.
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Introduction
4. Afshani E, Kuhn JP. Common causes of low back pain in children. RadioGraphics 1991; 11: 269-291.
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Introduction
5. Kozlowski K, Beluffi G, Diard F, Ferrari-Ciboldi F, Le Dosseur P, Labatut J. Primary vertebral tumours in children: report of 20 cases with brief literature review. Pediatr Radiol 1984; 14: 129-139.
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Introduction
6. Weinstein JN, McLain RF. Primary tumors of the spine. Spine 1987; 12:843-851.
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Introduction
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
7. Levine AM, Boriani S, Donati D, Campanacci M. Benign tumors of the cervical spine. Spine 1992; 17:S399-S405.
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Introduction
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
8. Stieda A. Uber umschriebene knochen verdichtungen in lerech der substantia spongiosa in rontgenbilde. Bruns Beitr Klin Chir Tubing 1905; 45:700-703.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
9. Onitsuka H. Roentgenologic aspects of bone islands. Radiology 1977; 123:607-612.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
10. Schmorl G, Junghanns H; Besemann EF, trans. The human spine in health and disease, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton, 1971; 327-328.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
11. Resnick D, Nemcek AA, Haghighi F. Spinal enostoses (bone islands). Radiology 1983; 147: 373-376.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
12. Murphey MD, Fairbairn KJ, Parman LM, Baxter KG, Parsa MB, Smith WS. Musculoskeletal angiomatous lesions: radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics 1995; 15:893-917.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
13. Greenspan A. Bone island (enostosis): current concept-a review. Skeletal Radiol 1995; 24: 111-115.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
14. Greenspan A, Steiner G, Knutzon R. Bone island (enostosis): clinical significance and radiologic and pathologic correlations. Skeletal Radiol 1991; 20:85-90.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
15. Hall FM, Goldberg RP, Davies JAK, Fainsinger MH. Scintigraphic assessment of bone islands. Radiology 1980; 135:737-742.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
16. Kransdorf MJ, Stull MA, Gilkey FW, Moser RP Jr. Osteoid osteoma. RadioGraphics 1991; 11:671-696.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
17. Azouz EM, Kozlowski K, Marton D, Sprague P, Zerhouni A, Asselah F. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma of the spine in children: report of 22 cases with brief literature review. Pediatr Radiol 1986; 16:25-31.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
18. Greenspan A. Benign bone-forming lesions: osteoma, osteoid osteoma, and osteoblastoma -clinical, imaging, pathologic, and differential considerations. Skeletal Radiol 1993; 22:485-500.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
19. Swank SM, Barnes RA. Osteoid osteoma in a vertebral body: case report. Spine 1987; 12: 602-605.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
20. Tourniaire J, Bossard D, Gleize B, Tavernoir T, Bochu M. Case report 801: osteoid osteoma of the coccyx. Skeletal Radiol 1993; 22:457-459.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
21. Gamba JL, Martinez S, Apple J, Harrelson JM, Nunley JA. Computed tomography of axial skeletal osteoid osteomas. AJR 1984; 142:769-772.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
22. Houang B, Grenier N, Greselle JF. Osteoid osteoma of the cervical spine: misleading MR features about a case involving the uncinate process. Neuroradiology 1990; 31:549-552.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
23. Rosenthal DI, Springfield NS, Gebhardt MC, Rosenberg AE, Mankin HJ. Osteoid osteoma: percutaneous radio-frequency ablation. Radiology 1995; 197:451-454.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
24. Poey C, Clement JL, Baunin C, et al. Percutaneous extraction of an osteoid osteoma of the lumbar spine under CT guidance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991; 15:1056-1058.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
25. Kroon HM, Schurmans J. Osteoblastoma: clinical and radiologic findings in 98 new cases. Radiology 1990; 175:783-790.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
26. McLeod RA, Dahlin DC, Beabout JW. The spectrum of osteoblastoma. AJR 1976; 126: 321-335.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
27. Lucas DR, Unni KK, McLeod RA, O'Connor MI, Sim FH. Osteoblastoma: clinicopathologic study of 306 cases. Hum Pathol 1994; 25:117-134.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
28. Schajowicz F, Lemos C. Osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma: closely related entities of osteoblastic derivation. Acta Orthop Scand 1970; 41: 272-291.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
29. Mayer L. Malignant transformation of benign osteoblastoma. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 1967; 28:4-13.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
30. Kumar R, Guinto FC, Madewell JE, David R, Shirkhoda A. Expansile bone lesions of the vertebra. RadioGraphics 1988; 8:749-769.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
31. Crim JR, Mirra JM, Eckardt JJ, Seeger LL. Widespread inflammatory response to osteoblastoma: the flare phenomenon. Radiology 1990; 177:835-836.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
32. Bidwell JK, Young JWR, Khalluff E. Giant cell tumor of the spine: computed tomography appearance and review of the literature. J Comput Tomogr 1987; 11:307-311.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
33. Smith J, Wixson D, Watson RC. Giant-cell tumor of the sacrum: clinical and radiologic features in 13 patients. J Can Assoc Radiol 1974; 30:34-39.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
34. Schwimer SR, Bassett LW, Mancuso AA, et al. Giant cell tumor of the cervicothoracic spine. AJR 1981; 136:63-67.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
35. Resnick D. Tumors and tumor-like diseases. In: Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders, 1995; 3785-3806.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
36. Aoki J, Tanikawa H, Ishii K, et al. MR findings indicative of hemosiderin in giant-cell tumor of bone: frequency, cause, and diagnostic significance. AJR 1996; 166:145-148.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
37. Murphey MD, Smith WS, Al-Assir I, Shekitka KM. MR imaging of giant cell tumor of bone: signal intensity characteristics with radiologic-pathologic correlation (abstr). Radiology 1995; 197(P):195.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
38. Batnitzky S, Soye I, Levine E, Price HI, Hart KZ. Computed tomography in the evaluation of lesions arising in and around the sacrum. RadioGraphics 1982; 2:500-528.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
39. Seider MJ, Rich TA, Ayala AG, Murray JA. Giant cell tumors of bone: treatment with radiation therapy. Radiology 1986; 161:537-540.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
40. Jaffe HL, Lichtenstein L. Solitary unicameral bone cyst with emphasis on the roentgen picture, the pathologic appearance, and the pathogenesis. Arch Surg 1942; 44:1004-1025.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
41. Kransdorf MJ, Sweet DE. Aneurysmal bone cyst: concept, controversy, clinical presentation, and imaging. AJR 1995; 164:573-580.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
42. Koci TM, Mehringer CM, Yamagata N, Chiang F. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the thoracic spine: evolution after particulate embolization. AJNR 1995; 16:857-860.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
43. Capanna R, Van Horn JR, Biagini R, Ruggieri P. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the sacrum. Skeletal Radiol 1989; 18:109-113.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
44. Bertoni F, Bacchini P, Capanna R, et al. Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1993; 71:729-734.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
45. Sanerkin NG, Mott MG, Roylance J. An unusual intraosseous lesion with fibroblastic, osteoblastic, aneurysmal, and fibromyxoid elements: "solid" variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1983; 51:2278-2288.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
46. Hudson TM. Fluid levels in aneurysmal bone cysts: a CT feature. AJR 1984; 142:1001-1004.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
47. Beltran J, Simon DC, Levy M, Herman L, Weis L, Mueller CF. Aneurysmal bone cysts: MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 1986; 158:689-690.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
48. Tsai JC, Dalinka MK, Fallon MD, Zlatkin MB, Kressel HY. Fluid-fluid level: a nonspecific finding in tumors of bone and soft tissue. Radiology 1990; 175:779-782.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
49. Cory DA, Fritsch SA, Cohen MD, et al. Aneurysmal bone cysts: imaging findings and embolotherapy. AJR 1989; 153:369-373.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
50. Albrecht S, Crutchfield JS, Segall GK. On spinal osteochondromas. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 247-252.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
51. Roblot P, Alcalay M, Cazenave-Robolot F, Levy P, Bontoux D. Osteochondroma of the thoracic spine: report of a case and review of the literature. Spine 1990; 15:240-243.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
52. Barros TEP, Oliveira RP, Taricco MA, Gonzalez CH. Hereditary multiple exostoses and cervical ventral protuberance causing dysphagia. Spine 1995; 20:1640-1642.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
53. Tully RJ, Pickens J, Oro J, Levine C. Hereditary multiple exostoses and cervical cord compression: CT and MR studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989; 13:330-333.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
54. Cree AK, Hadlow AT, Taylor TKF, Chapman GK. Radiation-induced osteochondroma in the lumbar spine. Spine 1994; 19:376-379.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
55. Jackson A, Hughes D, Forbes W, Stewart G, Cummings WJK, Reid H. A case of osteochondroma of the spine. Skeletal Radiol 1995; 24: 235-237.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
56. Palmer FJ, Blum PW. Osteochondroma with spinal cord compression. J Neurosurg 1980; 52:842-845.
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Primary Benign Lesions of the Spine
57. Meyer JE, Lepke RA, Lindfors KK, et al. Chordomas: their CT appearance in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. Radiology 1984; 153:693-696.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
58. Bjornsson J, Wold LE, Ebersold MJ, Laws ER. Chordoma of the mobile spine: a clinicopathologic analysis of 40 patients. Cancer 1993; 71: 735-740.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
59. Jenkins CNJ, Colquhoun IR. Case report: symptomatic metastasis from a sacrococcygeal chordoma. Clin Radiol 1995; 50:416-417.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
60. de Bruine FT, Kroon HM. Spinal chordoma: radiologic features in 14 cases. AJR 1988; 150: 861-863.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
61. Firooznia H, Pinto RS, Lin JP, Baruch HH, Zausner J. Chordoma: radiologic evaluation of 20 cases. AJR 1976; 127:797-805.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
62. Rosenthal DI, Scott JA, Mankin HJ, Wismer GL, Brady TJ. Sacrococcygeal chordoma: magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. AJR 1985; 145:143-147.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
63. Firooznia H, Golimbu C, Rafii M, Reede DL, Kricheff II, Bjorkengren A. Computed tomography of spinal chordomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1986; 10:45-50.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
64. Beltran J, Noto AM, Chakeres DW, Christoforidis AJ. Tumors of the osseous spine: staging with MR imaging versus CT. Radiology 1987; 162:565-569.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
65. Eh WTC, Flickinger FW, Barloon TJ, Montgomery WJ. MR imaging of unusual chordomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12:30-35.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
66. Sze G, Uichanco LS, Brant-Zawadzki MN, et al. Chordomas: MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 166: 187-191.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
67. Camins MB, Duncan AW, Smith J, Marcove RC. Chondrosarcoma of the spine. Spine 1978; 3: 202-209.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
68. Hirsh LF, Thanki A, Spector HB. Primary spinal chondrosarcoma with eighteen-year follow-up: case report and literature review. Neurosurgery 1984; 14:747-749.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
69. Shives TC, McLeod RA, Unni KK, Schray MF. Chondrosarcoma of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 1989; 71:1158-1165.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
70. Hermann G, Sacher M, Lanzieri CF, Anderson PJ, Rabinowitz JG. Chondrosarcoma of the spine: an unusual radiographic presentation. Skeletal Radiol 1985; 14:178-183.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
71. Vanderhooft JE, Conrad EU, Anderson PA, Richardson ML, Bruckner J. Intradural recurrence with chondrosarcoma of the spine. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1993; 294:90-95.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
72. Pilepich MV, Vietti TJ, Nesbit ME, et al. Ewing's sarcoma of the vertebral column. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1981; 7:27-31.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
73. Sharafuddin MJA, Haddad FS, Hitchon PW, Haddad SF, El-Khoury GY. Treatment options in primary Ewing's sarcoma of the spine: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1992; 30:610-619.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
74. Shirley SK, Gilula LA, Siegal GP, Foulkes MA, Kissane JM, Askin FB. Roentgenographic-pathologic correlation of diffuse sclerosis in Ewing sarcoma of bone. Skeletal Radiol 1984; 12:69-78.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
75. Weinstein JB, Siegal MJ, Griffith RC. Spinal Ewing sarcoma: misleading appearances. Skeletal Radiol 1984; 11:262-265.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
76. Hoffer FA, Gianturco LE, Fletcher JA, Grier HE. Percutaneous biopsy of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors and Ewing's sarcomas for cytogenetic analysis. AJR 1994; 162:1141-1142.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
77. Mohan V, Sabri T, Gupta RP, et al. Solitary ivory vertebra due to primary Ewing's sarcoma. Pediatr Radiol 1992; 22:388-391.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
78. Grubb MR, Currier BL, Pritchard DJ, Ebersold MJ. Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the spine. Spine 1994; 19:309-313.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
79. Kornberg M. Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the spine. Spine 1986; 11:54-57.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
80. Barwick KW, Huvos AG, Smith J. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the vertebral column: a clinicopathologic correlation of ten patients. Cancer 1980; 46:595-604.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
81. Wright NB, Skinner R, Lee REJ, Craft AW. Osteogenic sarcoma of the neural arch. Pediatr Radiol 1995; 25:62-63.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
82. Kebudi R, Ayan I, Daredelier E, et al. Primary osteosarcoma of the cervical spine: a pediatric case report and review of the literature. Med Pediatr Oncol 1994; 23:162-165.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
83. Miller TT, Abdelwahab IF, Hermann G, Morgello S. Case report 735. Skeletal Radiol 1992; 21:277-279.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
84. Patel DV, Hammer RA, Levin B, Fisher MA. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the spine. Skeletal Radiol 1984; 12:276-279.
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Primary Malignant Lesions of the Spine
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