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1. Mann JM. A global epidemic out of control? In: Mann JM, Tarantola DJM, Netter TW, eds. AIDS in the world. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1992; 1-7.
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Introduction
2. Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Butini L, et al. Lymphoid organs function as major reservoirs for human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991; 88:9838-9842.
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Introduction
3. Centers for Disease Control. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR 1992; 41 (no. RR-17).
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Introduction
4. Jacobson MA, Mill J. Serious cytomegalovirus disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108:585-594.
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Opportunistic Infections
5. Pertel P, Hirschtick R, Phair J, Chmiel J, Poggensee L, Murphy R. Risk of developing cytomegalovirus retinitis in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992; 5:1069-1074.
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Opportunistic Infections
6. Francis ND, Boylston AW, Roberts AHG, Parkin JM, Pinching A. Cytomegalovirus infection in gastrointestinal tracts of patients infected with HIV-1 or AIDS. J Clin Pathol 1989; 42:1055-1064.
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Opportunistic Infections
7. Teixidor HS, Honig CL, Norsoph E, Albert S, Mouradian JA, Whalen JP. Cytomegalovirus infection of the alimentary canal: radiologic findings with pathologic correlation. Radiology 1987; 163:317-323.
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Opportunistic Infections
8. Roberts WH, Sneddon JM, Waldman J, Stephens RE. Cytomegalovirus infection of gastrointestinal endothelium demonstrated by simultaneous nucleic acid hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989; 111:461-464.
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Opportunistic Infections
9. Smith PD, Quinn TC, Strober W, Janoff EN, Masur H. Gastrointestinal infections in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:63-77.
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Opportunistic Infections
10. Balthazar EJ, Megibow AJ, Hulnick DH. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis and gastritis in AIDS. AJR 1985; 144:1201-1204.
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Opportunistic Infections
11. Balthazar EJ, Megibow AJ, Hulnick D, Cho KC, Beranbaum E. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in AIDS: radiographic features in 16 patients. AJR 1987; 149:919-923.
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Opportunistic Infections
12. Balthazar EJ, Megibow AJ, Fazzini E, Opulencia JF, Engel I. Cytomegalovirus colitis in AIDS: radiographic findings in 11 patients. Radiology 1985; 155:585-589.
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Opportunistic Infections
13. Wilcox CM, Schwartz DA. Symptomatic CMV duodenitis: an important clinical problem in AIDS. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 14:293-297.
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Opportunistic Infections
14. Laguna F, Garcia-Samaniego J, Alonso MJ, Alvarez I, Gonzalez-Lahoz JM. Pseudotumoral appearance of cytomegalovirus esophagitis and gastritis in AIDS patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:1108-1111.
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Opportunistic Infections
15. Rich JD, Crawford JM, Kazanjian SN, Kazanjian PH. Discrete gastrointestinal mass lesions caused by cytomegalovirus in patients with AIDS: report of three cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15:609-614.
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Opportunistic Infections
16. Wisser J, Zingman B, Wasik M, Duva-Frissora A, Beazley R, McAneny D. Cytomegalovirus pseudotumor presenting as bowel obstruction in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87:771-774.
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Opportunistic Infections
17. Fanney DL, Silverman PM, Stull MA. Abdominal case of the day: case 1 ileocolic intussusception in AIDS. AJR 1990; 154:1325-1326.
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Opportunistic Infections
18. Benhamou Y, Caumes E, Gerosa Y, et al. AIDS-related cholangiopathy: critical analysis of a prospective series of 26 patients. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38:1113-1118.
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Opportunistic Infections
19. Blumberg RS, Kelsey P, Perrone T, Dickersin R, Laquaglia M, Ferruci J. Cytomegalovirus- and cryptosporidium-associated acalculous gangrenous cholecystitis. Am J Med 1984; 76:1118-1123.
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Opportunistic Infections
20. Kahn DG, Garfinkle JM, Klonoff DC, Pembrook LJ, Morrow DJ. Cryptosporidial and cytomegalovirus hepatitis and cholecystitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987; 111:879-881.
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Opportunistic Infections
21. Dolmatch BL, Laing FC, Federle MP, Jeffrey RB Jr, Cello J. AIDS-related cholangitis: radiographic findings in nine patients. Radiology 1987; 163:313-316.
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Opportunistic Infections
22. Collins CD, Forbes A, Harcourt-Webster JN, Francis ND, Gleeson JA, Gazzard BG. Radiological and pathological features of AIDS-related polypoid cholangitis. Clin Radiol 1993; 48:307-310.
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Opportunistic Infections
23. Johnson RE, Nahmias AJ, Magder LS, Lec FK, Brooks CA, Snowden LB. A seroepidemiologic survey of the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the United States. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:7-12.
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Opportunistic Infections
24. Levine MS, Woldenberg R, Herlinger H, Laufer I. Opportunistic esophagitis in AIDS: radiographic diagnosis. Radiology 1987; 65:815-820.
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Opportunistic Infections
25. Shortsleeve MJ, Levine MS. Herpes esophagitis in otherwise healthy patients: clinical and radiographic findings. Radiology 1992; 182:859-861.
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Opportunistic Infections
26. Frager D, Kotler DP, Baer J. Idiopathic esophageal ulceration in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: radiologic appraisal in 10 patients. Abdom Imaging 1994; 19:2-5.
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Opportunistic Infections
27. Rabencek L, Boyko WJ, McLean DM, McLeod WA, Wong KK. Unusual esophageal ulcers containing enveloped viruslike particles in homosexual men. Gastroenterology 1986; 90:1882-1889.
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Opportunistic Infections
28. Rabeneck L, Popovic M, Gartner S, et al. Acute HIV presenting with painful swallowing and esophageal ulcers. JAMA 1990; 263:2318-2322.
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Opportunistic Infections
29. Dretler RH, Rausher DB. Giant esophageal ulcer healed with steroid therapy in an AIDS patient. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11:768-769.
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Opportunistic Infections
30. Kotler DP, Reka S, Orenstein JM, Fox CH. Chronic idiopathic esophageal ulceration in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: characterization and treatment with corticosteroid. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 15:284-290.
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Opportunistic Infections
31. Sor S, Levine MS, Kowalski TE, Laufer I, Rubesin SE, Herlinger H. Giant ulcers of the esophagus in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings. Radiology 1995; 194:447-451.
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Opportunistic Infections
32. Bach MC, Howell DA, Valenti AJ, Smith TJ, Winslow DL. Apthous ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Int Med 1990; 112:465-467.
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Opportunistic Infections
33. Malebranche R, Guerin JM, Laroche AC, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with severe gastrointestinal manifestations in Haiti. Lancet 1983; 1:873-877.
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Opportunistic Infections
34. Faman J, Tavitian A, Rosenthal LE, Schwartz GE, Raufman J. Focal esophageal candidiasis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Gastrointest Radiol 1986; 11:213-217.
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Opportunistic Infections
35. Wall SD, Ominsky S, Altman DF, et al. Multifocal abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract in AIDS. AJR 1986; 146:1-5.
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Opportunistic Infections
36. Radin DR, Fong T, Halls JM, Pontrelli GN. Monilial enteritis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AJR 1983; 141:1289-1290.
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Opportunistic Infections
37. Balthazar EJ, Stern J. Necrotizing Candida enterocolitis in AIDS: CT features. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1994; 18:298-300.
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Opportunistic Infections
38. Nightingale SD, Parks JM, Pounders SM, Burns DK, Reynolds J, Hernandez JA. Disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. South Med J 1990; 83:624-630.
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Opportunistic Infections
39. Keath EJ, Kobayashi GS, Medoff G. Typing of Histoplasma capsulatum by restriction fragment length polymorphism in a nuclear gene. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:2104-2107.
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Opportunistic Infections
40. Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield PA, Baker RL, et al. Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature. Medicine 1990; 69:361-374.
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Opportunistic Infections
41. Balthazar EJ, Megibow AJ, Barry M, Opulencia JF. Histoplasmosis of the colon in patients with AIDS: imaging findings in four cases. AJR 1993; 161:585-587.
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Opportunistic Infections
42. Clarkston WK, Bonacini M, Peterson I. Colitis due to Histoplasma capsulatum in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86:913-916.
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Opportunistic Infections
43. Graham BD, McKinsey DS, Driks MR, Smith DL. Colonic histoplasmosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34:185-190.
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Opportunistic Infections
44. Cappell MS, Mandell W, Grimes MM, Neu HC. Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33:353-360.
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Opportunistic Infections
45. Radin DR. Disseminated histoplasmosis: abdominal CT findings in 16 patients. AJR 1991; 157:955-958.
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Opportunistic Infections
46. Alterman DD, Cho KC. Histoplasmosis involving the omentum in an AIDS patient: CT demonstration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12:664-665.
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Opportunistic Infections
47. Laughon BE, Druckman DA, Vernon A. Prevalence of enteric pathogens in homosexual men with and without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 1988; 94:984-993.
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Opportunistic Infections
48. Berk RN, Wall SD, McArdle CB, et al. Cryptosporidiosis of the stomach and small intestine in patients with AIDS. AJR 1984; 143:549-554.
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Opportunistic Infections
49. Cersosimo E, Wilkowske CJ, Rosenblatt JE, Ludwig J. Isolated antral narrowing associated with gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67:553-556.
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Opportunistic Infections
50. Soulen MC, Fishman EK, Scatarige JC, Hutchins D, Zerhouni EA. Cryptosporidiosis of the gastric antrum: detection using CT. Radiology 1986; 159:705-706.
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Opportunistic Infections
51. Meyers SA, Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK. Enterovesical fistula in a patient with cryptosporidiosis and AIDS: CT demonstration. Clin Imaging 1990; 14:143-145.
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Opportunistic Infections
52. Teixidor HS, Godwin TA, Ramirez EA. Cryptosporidiosis of the biliary tract in AIDS. Radiology 1991; 180:51-56.
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Opportunistic Infections
53. Edman JC, Kovacs JA, Masur H, Santi DV, Elwood HJ, Sogin ML. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature 1988; 334:519-522.
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Opportunistic Infections
54. Hughes WT. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1021-1023.
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Opportunistic Infections
55. Raviglione MC. Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis: the first 50 cases. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12:1127-1138.
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Opportunistic Infections
56. Hardy WD, Northfelt DW, Drake TA. Fatal, disseminated pneumocystosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome receiving prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine. Am J Med 1989; 87:329-331.
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Opportunistic Infections
57. Radin DR, Baker EL, Klatt EC, et al. Visceral and nodal calcification in patients with AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii infection. AJR 1990; 154:27-31.
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Opportunistic Infections
58. Spouge AR, Wilson SR, Gopinath N, Sherman M, Blendis LM. Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii in a patient with AIDS: sonographic findings. AJR 1990; 155:76-78.
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Opportunistic Infections
59. Lubat E, Megibow AJ, Balthazar EJ, Goldenberg AS, Birnbaum BA, Bosniak MA. Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS: CT findings. Radiology 1990; 174:157-160.
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Opportunistic Infections
60. Fisher ME, Kasales CJ, Kelley DB. Gastrointestinal case of the day: case 3 pancreatic abscess due to Pneumocystis carinii. AJR 1994; 162:1450-1451.
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Opportunistic Infections
61. Carter TR, Cooper PH, Petri WA, Kim K, Walzer PD, Guerrant RL. Pneumocystis carinii infection of the small intestine in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1988; 89:679-683.
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Opportunistic Infections
62. Sachs JR, Greenfield SM, Sohn M, Turner JL. Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection with hepatic involvement in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86:82-85.
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Opportunistic Infections
63. Nelson AM, Kalengayi MR. The pathology of AIDS in Africa. In: Essex M, Mboup S, Kanki PJ, Kalengayi MR, eds. AIDS in Africa. New York, NY: Raven, 1994; 283-323.
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Opportunistic Infections
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
64. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:545-550.
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Opportunistic Infections
65. Shafer RW, Chirgwin KD, Glatt AE, Dahdouh MA, Landesman SH, Suster B. HIV prevalence, immunosuppression, and drug resistance in patients with tuberculosis in an area endemic for AIDS. AIDS 1991; 5:399-405.
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Opportunistic Infections
66. Mukadi Y, Perriens JH, St Louis ME, et al. Spectrum of immunodeficiency in HIV-1 infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Zaire. Lancet 1993; 342:143-146.
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Opportunistic Infections
67. Marshall JB. Tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract and peritoneum. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:989-999.
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Opportunistic Infections
68. De Silva R, Stoopack PM, Raufman J. Esophageal fistulas associated with mycobacterial infection in patients at risk for AIDS. Radiology 1990; 175:449-453.
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Opportunistic Infections
69. Brody JM, Miller DK, Zeman RK, et al. Gastric tuberculosis: a manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Radiology 1986; 159:347-348.
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Opportunistic Infections
70. Friedenberg KA, Draguesku JO, Kiyaba M, Valenzuela JE. Intestinal perforation due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals: report of two cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:604-607.
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Opportunistic Infections
71. Radin DR. Intraabdominal Mycobacterium tuberculosis vs Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections in patients with AIDS: distinction based on CT findings. AJR 1991; 156:487-491.
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Opportunistic Infections
72. Hulnick DH, Megibow AJ, Naidich DP, Hilton S, Cho KC, Balthazar EJ. Abdominal tuberculosis: CT evaluation. Radiology 1985; 157:199-204.
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Opportunistic Infections
73. Andrew WK. Tiny echogenic foci in the liver. AJR 1992; 159:1128-1129.
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Opportunistic Infections
74. Raszka WV, Skillman LP, McEvoy PL, Robb ML. Isolation of nontuberculous, non-avium mycobacteria from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20:73-76.
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Opportunistic Infections
75. Yakrus MA, Good RC. Geographic distribution, frequency, and specimen source of Mycobacterium avium complex serotypes isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:926-929.
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Opportunistic Infections
76. Nightingale SD, Byrd LT, Southern PM, Jockusch JD, Cal SX, Wynne BA. Incidence of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. J Infect Dis 1992; 165:1082-1085.
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Opportunistic Infections
77. Benson CA. Disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex in patients with AIDS: epidemiology and clinical syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18(suppl 3):218-222.
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Opportunistic Infections
78. Nyberg DA, Federle MP, Jeffrey RB, Bottles K, Wofsy CB. Abdominal CT findings of disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in AIDS. AJR 1985; 145:297-299.
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Opportunistic Infections
79. Bray HJ, Lail VJ, Cooperberg PL. Tiny echogenic foci in the liver and kidney in patients with AIDS: not always due to disseminated Pneumocystis carinii. AJR 1992; 158:81-82.
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Opportunistic Infections
80. Webster GF, Cockerell CJ, Friedman-Kien AE. The clinical spectrum of bacillary angiomatosis. Br J Dermatol 1992; 126:535-541.
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Opportunistic Infections
81. Perkocha LA, Geaghan SM, Yen TSB, et al. Clinical and pathological features of bacillary peliosis hepatis in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:1581-1586.
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Opportunistic Infections
82. Haught WH, Steinbach J, Zander DS, Wingo CS. Case report: bacillary angiomatosis with massive visceral lymphadenopathy. Am J Med Sci 1993; 306:236-240.
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Opportunistic Infections
83. Quinn TC, Stamm WE, Goodell SE, et al. The polymicrobial origin of intestinal infections in homosexual men. N Engl J Med 1983; 309:576-582.
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Opportunistic Infections
84. Pearce RB. Entamoeba histolytica in homosexual men. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:690-691.
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Opportunistic Infections
85. Janoff EN, Orenstein JM, Manischewitz JF, Smith PD. Adenovirus colitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 1991; 100:976-979.
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Opportunistic Infections
86. Herndier BG, Friedman SL. Neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatobiliary system in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Semin Liver Dis 1992; 12:128-141.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
87. Beral B, Peterman TA, Berkelman RL, Jaffe HW. Kaposi's sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection? Lancet 1990; 335:123-128.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
88. Kadakia SC, Kadakia AS, Westphal KW. Gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma as the first manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. South Med J 1992; 85:37-39.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
89. Wall SD, Friedman SL, Margulis AR. Gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS: radiographic manifestations. J Clin Gastroenterol 1984; 6:165-171.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
90. Hofstetter SR, Stollman N. Adult intussusception in association with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and intestinal Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83:1304-1305.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
91. Herts HR, Megibow AJ, Birnbaum BA, Kanzer CK, Noz ME. High-attenuation lymphadenopathy in AIDS patients: significance of findings at CT. Radiology 1992; 185:777-781.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
92. Levine AM. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other malignancies in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Semin Oncol 1987; 14(suppl 3):34-39.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
93. Beral V, Peterman T, Berkelman R, Jafe H. AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Lancet 1991; 337:805-809.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
94. Levine AM. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related lymphoma. Blood 1992; 80:8-20.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
95. Danin JC, McCarthy M, Coker R. Case report: lymphoma causing small bowel intussusception in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Clin Radiol 1992; 46:350-351.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
96. Radin DR. Primary esophageal lymphoma in AIDS. Abdom Imaging 1993; 18:223-224.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
97. Ioachim HL, Weinstein MA, Robbins RD, Sohn N, Lugo PN. Primary anorectal lymphoma: a new manifestation of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cancer 1987; 60:1449-1453.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
98. Radin DR, Esplin JA, Levine AM, Ralls PW. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: abdominal CT findings in 112 patients. AJR 1993; 160:1133-1139.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
99. Chadha M, Rosenblatt EA, Malamud S, Pisch J, Berson A. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in HIV-positive patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37:861-865.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
100. Lorenz HP, Wilson W, Leigh B, Crombleholme T, Schecter W. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and HIV infection. Dis Colon Rectum 1991; 34:336-338.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
101. New York City Department of Health and AIDS Surveillance. The AIDS epidemic in New York City, 1981 1984. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123:1013-1025.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
102. McLoughlin LC, Nord KS, Joshi VV, DiCarlo FJ, Kane MJ. Disseminated leiomyosarcoma in a child with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Cancer 1991; 67:2618-2621.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
103. Radin DR, Kiyabu M. Multiple smooth-muscle tumors of the colon and adrenal gland in an adult with AIDS. AJR 1992; 159:545-546.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
104. Ross JS, Rosario AD, Bui HX, Sonbati H, Solis O. Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in a child with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 1992; 23:69-72.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
105. Temple JJ, Andes WA. AIDS and Hodgkin's disease. Lancet 1986; 2:454-455.
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AIDS-Associated Neoplasms
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