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1. Boring CC, Squires TS, Tong T. Cancer statistics, 1992. CA Cancer J Clin 1992; 42:19-38.
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Introduction
2. Seidman H, Mushinski MH, Gelb SK, Silverberg E. Probabilities of eventually developing and dying of cancer: United States, 1985. CA Cancer J Clin 1985; 35:36-56.
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Introduction
3. National Cancer Institute. Cancer statistics review 1973-1987. NIH publication no. 90-279. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute, 1990.
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Introduction
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
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Prognosis
4. Steinberg SM, Barkin JS, Kaplan RS, et al. Prognostic indicators of colon tumors: the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group experience. Cancer 1986; 57:1866-1870.
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Introduction
5. Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Perzin K, Pascal RR. Tumors of the intestines. In: Hartman WH, Sobin LH, eds. Tumors of the intestines, fasc 27, ser 2. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1990.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
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Tumor Spread and Staging
6. Potter JD. Reconciling the epidemiology, physiology, and molecular biology of colon cancer. JAMA 1992; 268:1573-1577.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
7. Eisenberg B, Decosse JJ, Harford F, et al. Carcinoma of the colon and rectum; the natural history reviewed in 1704 patients. Cancer 1982; 49:1131-1134.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
8. Muto T, Bussey HJR, Morson BC. The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1975; 36:2251-2270.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
9. Gilbertson VA, Nelms JM. The prevention of invasive carcinoma of the rectum. Cancer 1978; 41:1137-1139.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
10. Ranohoff DF, Lang CA. Screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:37-41.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
11. Stryker SJ, Wolff BG, Culp CE, et al. Natural history of untreated polyps. Gastroenterology 1987; 93:1009-1013.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
12. Winawer SJ. Neoplasms of the large and small intestines. In: Wyngaarden JB, Smith LH, eds. Cecil textbook of medicine. 17th ed. Philadelphia Pa: Saunders, 1985; 761-771.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
13. Ferrucci JT. Screening for colon cancer: programs of the American College of Radiology. AJR 1993; 160:999-1003.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
14. Wilson RE, Donohue JH. Neoplasia of the colorectum. In: Phillips SF, Pemberton JH, Shorter RG, eds. The large intestine: physiology, pathophysiology, and disease. New York, NY: Raven, 1991; 521-547.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
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Tumor Spread and Staging
15. Cannon-Albright LA, Skolnick MH, Bishop DT, et al. Common inheritance of susceptibility to colonic adenomatous polyps and associated colorectal cancers. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:533-537.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
16. Peltomaki P, Aaltonen LA, Sistonen P, et al. Genetic mapping of locus predisposing to human colorectal cancer. Science 1993; 260: 810-812.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
17. Aaltonen LA, Peltomaki P, Leach FS, et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science 1993; 260:812-816.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
18. Powell SM, Petersen GM, Krush AJ, et al. Molecular diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1982-1987.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
19. Guillem JG, Neugot AI, Forde KA, Waye JD, Treat MR. Colonic neoplasms in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of colon cancer patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83:271-273.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
20. Burt RW, Bishop DT, Lynch HT, Rozen P, Winawer SJ. Risk and surveillance of individuals with heritable factors for colon cancer. Bull World Health Organ 1990; 68:655-665.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
21. Nishisho I, Nakamura Y, Miyoshi Y, et al. Mutations of chromosome 5 of 21 genes in FAP and colorectal cancer patients. Science 1991; 253:665-669.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
22. Lynch HT, Lanspa SJ, Bowman BM, et al. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: Lynch syndrome I and II. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1988; 17:679-712.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
23. Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Watson P, et al. Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: an updated review. Gastroenterology 1993; 104:1535-1549.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
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Tumor Spread and Staging
24. Riddell RH, Ransohoff DF, Fenoglio CM, et al. Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Hum Pathol 1983; 14:931-968.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
25. Frank PH, Riddell RH, Feczco PJ, Levin B. Radiological detection of colonic dysplasia (precarcinoma) in chronic ulcerative colitis. Gastrointest Radiol 1978; 3:209-219.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
26. Matsumoto T, Iida M, Kohrogi N, et al. Minute non-polypoid adenomas of the colon depicted with barium enema examination. Radiology 1993; 187:377-380.
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Etiologic and Growth Characteristics
27. Gaugh DB, Donohue JH, Schutt AJ, et al. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: long-term patient survival with an aggressive regional approach. Ann Surg 1994; 219:112-119.
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Tumor Spread and Staging
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Prognosis
28. Thoeni RF, Moss AA. The gastrointestinal tract. In: Moss AA, Gamsu G, Genant HK, eds. Computed tomography of the body. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders, 1992; 643-735.
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Tumor Spread and Staging
29. Cho KC, Gold BM. Computed tomography of Krukenberg tumors. AJR 1985; 145:285-288.
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Tumor Spread and Staging
30. Zinkin LD. A critical review of the classifications and staging of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1983; 26:37-43.
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Tumor Spread and Staging
31. Colon and rectum. In: Beahrs OH, Henson DE, Hatter RVP, Kennedy BJ, eds. American Joint Committee on Cancer: manual for staging of cancer. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, 1992; 75-82.
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Tumor Spread and Staging
32. Johnson CD, Carlson HC, Taylor WF, Weiland LP. Barium enemas of carcinoma of the colon: sensitivity of double and single contrast studies. AJR 1983; 149:1143-1149.
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Role of Radiology
33. Ott DJ, Chen YM, Gelfand DW, Wu WC, Munitz HA. Single-contrast vs double-contrast barium enema in the detection of colonic polyps. AJR 1986; 146:993-996.
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Role of Radiology
34. Thoeni RF, Menuck L. Comparison of barium enema and colonoscopy in the detection of small colonic polyps. Radiology 1977; 124: 631-635.
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Role of Radiology
35. Fork FT. Double contrast enema and colonoscopy in polyps detection. Gut 1981; 22:971- 977.
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Role of Radiology
36. Habr-Gama A, Waye JD. Complications and hazards of gastrointestinal endoscopy. World J Surg 1989; 13:193-201.
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Role of Radiology
37. Ott DJ. Complications and costs of radiologic and endoscopic examinations of the colon. In: Gelfand DW, Laufer I, eds. Colonic cancer: diagnosis in an era of cost containment. Reston, Va: American College of Radiology, 1989.
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Role of Radiology
38. Ott DJ, Gelfand DW. Colorectal tumors: pathology and detection. AJR 1978; 131:691-695.
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Role of Radiology
39. Krook JE, Moertel CG, Gunderson LL, et al. Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high risk rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:709- 715.
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Role of Radiology
40. Sugarbaker PH. Surgical decision making for large bowel cancer metastatic to the liver. Radiology 1990; 174:621-626.
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Role of Radiology
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Prognosis
41. Wagman LD, Kemeny MM, Leong L, et al. A prospective, randomized evaluation of the treatment of colorectal cancer metastases to the liver. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8:1885-1893.
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Role of Radiology
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Prognosis
42. Thoeni RF, Moss AA, Schnyder P, Margulis AR. Detection and staging of primary rectal and rectosigmoid cancer by computed tomography. Radiology 1981; 141:135-138.
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Role of Radiology
43. Thoeni RF. Colorectal cancer: cross-sectional imaging for staging of primary tumor and detection of local recurrence. AJR 1991; 156: 906-915.
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Role of Radiology
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Treatment and Follow-Up
44. Kelvin FM, Maglinte DDT. Colorectal carcinoma: a radiologic and clinical review. Radiology 1987; 164:1-8.
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Role of Radiology
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Treatment and Follow-Up
45. Thompson WM, Halvorsen RA, Foster WL Jr, et al. Preoperative and postoperative CT staging of rectosigmoid carcinoma. AJR 1986; 146: 703-710.
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Role of Radiology
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Treatment and Follow-Up
46. Adalsteinsson B, Gilmelius B, Graffman S, et al. Computed tomography in staging rectal carcinoma. Acta Radiol 1985; 26:45-50.
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Role of Radiology
47. Freeny PC, Marks WM, Ryan JA, Bolen JW. Colorectal carcinoma evaluation with CT: preoperative staging and detection of postoperative recurrence. Radiology 1986; 158:347-353.
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Role of Radiology
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Treatment and Follow-Up
48. Balthazar EJ, Megibow AJ, Hulnick DH, Radich DP. Carcinoma of the colon: detection and preoperative staging by CT. AJR 1988; 150:301- 306.
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Role of Radiology
49. Herrera-Ornglas L, Justininno J, Castillo N, Petrolli NJ, Stulc J, Mittleman A. Metastases in small lymph nodes from colon cancer. Arch Surg 1987; 122:1253-1256.
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Role of Radiology
50. Thompson WM, Trenkner S. Staging colon cancer and other gastrointestinal neoplasms. In: Gore RM, Laufer I, eds. Syllabus for the categorical course on gastrointestinal radiology. Reston, Va: American College of Radiology, 1992; 55-64.
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Role of Radiology
51. Stark DD, Wittenberg J, Butch RJ, Ferrucci JT. Hepatic metastasis: randomized, controlled comparison of detection with MR imaging and CT. Radiology 1987; 165:399-406.
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Role of Radiology
52. Chezmar JL, Rumancik WM, Megibow AJ, Hulnick DH, Nelson RC, Bernardino ME. Liver and abdominal screening in patients with cancer: CT versus MR imaging. Radiology 1988; 168:43-47.
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Role of Radiology
53. Heiken JP, Weyman PJ, Lee JKT, et al. Detection of focal hepatic masses: prospective evaluation with CT, delayed CT, CT during arterial portography, and MR imaging. Radiology 1989; 171:47-51.
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Role of Radiology
54. Soyer P, Lacheheb D, Levesque M. False-positive CT portography: correlation with pathologic findings. AJR 1993; 160:285-289.
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Role of Radiology
55. Moss AA. Imaging of colorectal carcinoma. Radiology 1989; 170:308-310.
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Role of Radiology
56. Tio TL, Coene PPL, van Delden OM, Tytgat GNJ. Colorectal carcinoma: preoperative TNM classification with endosonography. Radiology 1991; 179:165-170.
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Role of Radiology
57. Nielsen MB, Qvitzau S, Pedersen JF. Detection of pericolic lymph nodes in patients with colorectal cancer: in vitro and in vivo study of the efficacy of endosonography. AJR 1993; 161:57-60.
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Role of Radiology
58. Imai Y, Kressel HY, Saul SH, et al. Colorectal tumors: an in vitro study of high-resolution MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 177:695-701.
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Role of Radiology
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Treatment and Follow-Up
59. Paty PB, Enker WE, Cohen AM, Lauwers GY. Treatment of rectal cancer by low anterior resection with coloanal anastomosis. Ann Surg 1994; 219:365-373.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
60. Fegia G, Indinnimeo M, Gozzo P, Del Grande E, Cataldi S, Brozzetti S. Low rectal cancer: what is the choice? Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37(suppl):35-41.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
61. National Institutes of Health. NIH consensus conference: adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA 1990; 264: 1444-1450.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
62. Nauta R, Stablein DM, Holyoke ED. Survival of patients with stage B2 colon carcinoma: the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group experience. Arch Surg 1989; 124:180-182.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
63. Reznak RH, White FE, Younge JWR, Fry IK. The appearance on computed tomography after abdominal-perineal resection for carcinoma of the rectum: a comparison between the normal appearances and those of recurrences. Br J Radiol 1983; 56:237-240.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
64. Cass AW, Million RR, Pfaff WW. Patterns of recurrences following surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1976; 37:2861-2865.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
65. Kelvin FM, Korobkin M, Heaston DK, et al. The pelvis after surgery for rectal carcinoma: serial CT observation with emphasis on nonneoplastic features. AJR 1983; 141:959-964.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
66. de Lange EE, Fechner RE, Wanebo HJ. Suspected recurrent rectal carcinoma and abdominoperineal resection: MR imaging and histopathologic findings. Radiology 1989; 170:323- 328.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
67. Sugimura K, Carrington BM, Quivey JM, Hricak H. Postirradiation changes in the pelvis: assessment with MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 175:805-813.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
68. Rafto SE, Amendola MA, Gefter WB. MR imaging of recurrent colorectal carcinoma versus fibrosis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12: 521- 523.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
69. Ebner F, Kressel HY, Mintz MC, el al. Tumor recurrence versus fibrosis in the female pelvis: differentiation with MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 1988; 166:333-340.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
70. Moertel CG, Fleming TR, MacDonald JS, et al. An evaluation of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test for monitoring patients with resected colon cancer. JAMA 1993; 270:943- 947.
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Treatment and Follow-Up
71. Scheele J, Stangl R, Altendorf-Hofmann A. Hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma: impact of surgical resection on the natural history. Br J Surg 1990; 77:1241-1246.
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Prognosis
72. Steele G, Bleday R, Mayer RJ, et al. A prospective evaluation of hepatic resection for colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver: Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group protocol 6584. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9:1105-1112.
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Prognosis
73. Fath RB, Winawer SJ. Early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Ann Rev Med 1983; 34:501-504.
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Prognosis
74. Gilbertson VA. Proctosigmoidoscopy and polypectomy in reducing the incidence of rectal cancer. Cancer 1974; 34:936-939.
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Prognosis
75. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy: the National Polyp Study Work-group. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1977-1981.
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Prognosis
76. Rice RP. Lowering death rates from colorectal cancer: challenge for the 1990s. Radiology 1990; 176:297-301.
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Conclusion
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